Navigating the path to Canadian citizenship marks a pivotal journey for newcomers, and “Discover Canada: The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship” serves as the cornerstone for this voyage. As the official study guide, it is integral in preparing for the Canadian citizenship test, offering an extensive overview of not only the test but the broader landscape of becoming a Canadian citizen—ranging from eligibility criteria to understanding the rich tapestry of Canadian symbols and the significance of the citizenship ceremony[1]. Crafted to be accessible through various mediums, whether online, audio, downloadable eBook, or physical copy, the guide ensures inclusive access to vital information, reflecting Canada’s commitment to welcoming new citizens into its diverse fold[1].
This essential guide, last updated in 2012, shines a light on the rights and responsibilities entwined with Canadian citizenship, underscoring the importance of a well-prepared citizenship application and the nuances of the language proficiency requirements[1]. While minor differences exist between the print, audio, and electronic versions, the core message remains unaltered: using the “Discover Canada” study guide is pivotal for those aiming for success in the citizenship test and beyond[1]. The article ahead delves into each stage of the citizenship journey, from the initial application to the joyous culmination at the citizenship ceremony, ensuring aspiring Canadian citizens are well-equipped to embark on this life-changing path[1].
Understanding Canadian Citizenship
Understanding Canadian citizenship encompasses recognizing the diverse paths through which individuals can become citizens, the historical and legislative framework governing citizenship, and the values and responsibilities that come with it. This multifaceted concept is rooted in principles of equality, cultural diversity, freedom, peace, and adherence to law and order, reflecting Canada’s rich history of immigration and its commitment to environmental responsibility[4].
Paths to Canadian Citizenship:
- Born in Canada: Automatically a citizen[3].
- Naturalized: After meeting certain residency and other requirements[3].
- Born Outside Canada to a Canadian Parent: Eligible for citizenship[3].
- Second or Subsequent Generation Born Outside Canada: Specific conditions apply[3].
- Adopted Outside Canada by a Canadian Parent: Eligible under certain conditions[3].
Legislative Framework:
- The Citizenship Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29) outlines the legal provisions for obtaining Canadian citizenship, including the grant of citizenship, physical presence, language, and knowledge of Canada requirements[6]. It also details the processes for renunciation and revocation of citizenship[6]. The Act has evolved since the first Canadian Citizenship Act in 1946, reflecting the changing notions of nationhood and citizenship[5].
Core Values and Responsibilities:
- Equality: Ensuring fair treatment for all, irrespective of background[4].
- Cultural Differences: Embracing and celebrating diversity[4].
- Freedom: Upholding individual rights and liberties[4].
- Peace: Commitment to peaceful coexistence[4].
- Law and Order: Adherence to Canadian laws and regulations[4].
- Environmental Responsibility: Protecting and preserving the natural environment[4].
- Contributing to Well-being: Active participation in the social, economic, and environmental spheres of Canada[4].
Canadian citizenship is not just a status but a commitment to the values and responsibilities that define Canada. With the official languages being English and French, over 98% of Canadians communicate in at least one of these languages, highlighting the importance of linguistic integration in the fabric of Canadian society[4]. As outlined in the Citizenship Act, maintaining citizenship status requires an understanding of and compliance with the regulations set by the Government of Canada, with resources available on the Government of Canada Publications website to assist in this endeavor[6][8].
Eligibility Criteria for Applying
To successfully navigate the eligibility criteria for applying for Canadian citizenship, applicants must meticulously follow a structured pathway. This pathway ensures that all prerequisites are met, thereby smoothing the journey towards becoming a Canadian citizen.
Step-by-Step Eligibility Criteria:
- Ensure Eligibility:
- Permanent Resident status is a must[10].
- Absence of any unfulfilled conditions related to Permanent Resident status[7].
- No ongoing immigration or fraud review[10].
- Physical presence in Canada for at least 1,095 days (3 years) in the five years before applying[10][12].
- No history of criminal charges or convictions that may affect eligibility[10][11].
- Calculate Physical Presence:
- Language Proficiency and Knowledge Requirements (Aged 18 to 54):
Special Considerations:
- Age-Related Exemptions:
- Criminal History and Other Prohibitions:
- Time served on parole, probation, or imprisonment does not count towards physical presence[10].
- Charges, convictions, or involvement in crimes, including war crimes or crimes against humanity, may prevent eligibility[15].
- Previous citizenship application refusal due to misrepresentation within the past 5 years, or Canadian citizenship revocation due to fraud in the past 10 years, can hinder the application[15].
Application Process Overview:
- Gather all necessary documents and complete the application form[7].
- Pay the application fee: $630 CAD per adult and $100 CAD per child[14].
- Submit the application and await further instructions for the next steps[7].
This comprehensive eligibility criteria and application process ensure that applicants are well-prepared and meet all necessary requirements before embarking on the path to Canadian citizenship. It underscores the importance of thorough preparation and adherence to the stipulated guidelines to ensure a successful application.
Preparing Your Citizenship Application
Preparing your citizenship application is a meticulous process that requires attention to detail and thorough preparation. The following steps are designed to guide applicants through this critical phase:
1. Gathering Necessary Documents:
- Primary Documents: Include the original printout of the Online Physical Presence Calculation or form CIT 0407, color photocopies of all passport(s) or travel document(s) pages during the eligibility period, and photocopies of two pieces of personal identification[7].
- Supporting Documents: Proof of language ability if applicable, two identical citizenship photos, the fee receipt, and the Document Checklist [CIT 0007] are essential[7].
- Special Documents: For certain cases, additional documents may be requested by CIC, such as proof of relationship or financial documents. Always review the application package for any specific requirements[20].
2. Completing the Application Form:
- Ensure all sections of the application form are filled out accurately. Double-check responses and ensure that no question is left unanswered[7].
- Pay special attention to the Resident Tax section, providing detailed income tax information, and carefully fill out the Prohibition section to disclose any circumstances that might affect eligibility[16].
- Sign and date the application form, ensuring the date of signature matches the “Application date” in the physical presence calculation[18].
3. Application Submission and Fee Payment:
- Fee Payment: The application fee is $630.00 per adult. It is crucial to pay the application fee and upload the receipt before submitting the application[7][16].
- Submission: Submit the application to the designated Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada office. Adult applicants (18 years and older) must apply online, while minors (under 18 years of age) can choose between online or paper applications[7][16].
- Urgent Processing: In special cases, urgent processing may be requested. However, this is subject to specific criteria and availability[18].
Before submission, applicants are encouraged to review their application thoroughly, familiarize themselves with provided personal information, employment history, education, and ensure all supporting documents are in order[20]. The guide ‘Discover Canada’ serves as an indispensable resource throughout this process, covering essential topics and preparing applicants for the citizenship test[17]. Additionally, the Canadian government’s efforts to test and expand online application platforms aim to streamline the application process for all[14][19]. Representatives may apply on behalf of a client, but only through paper applications, highlighting the importance of understanding the current limitations and future possibilities of the application process[19].
Language Proficiency Requirements
Meeting the language proficiency requirements is a crucial step in the Canadian citizenship application process. Applicants must demonstrate an ability to communicate effectively in either of Canada’s official languages: English or French. This section outlines the various aspects of proving language proficiency, ensuring applicants are well-prepared for this requirement.
Accepted Proof of Language Proficiency:
- Educational Documents: Diplomas, transcripts, or certificates from secondary or post-secondary programs conducted in English or French. It’s imperative that these documents clearly indicate the language of instruction[24].
- Language Test Results: Applicants can also submit results from IRCC-recognized language tests demonstrating a Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB) Level 4 or higher. Accepted tests include the Canadian English Language Proficiency Index Program (CELPIP) General or General-LS, International English Language Testing System (IELTS) General Training, Test d’Évaluation de Français (TEF), or TEF épreuves orales for French[25][28].
- Government-Funded Programs: Proof of completion of English language training programs funded by the Canadian government is also accepted[25][27].
Challenges and Solutions:
- Language of Documents: If the proof of language proficiency is in a language other than English or French, a certified translation must accompany the original document[24].
- Clarity on Language of Instruction: In cases where educational documents are from institutions that do not specify the language of instruction as English or French, applicants may face challenges. It’s crucial to ensure that the language of instruction is clearly indicated in the submitted proof[29].
- Alternative Proof: For individuals who have not studied in English or French, alternative proof of language proficiency may include IRCC-recognized language test results equivalent to a CLB Level 4 or higher. This ensures that all applicants have the opportunity to demonstrate their language skills, regardless of their educational background[24][25].
Assessment and Evaluation:
- Review of Submitted Documents: Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) reviews the language proof sent with the citizenship application. This step is crucial for verifying the applicant’s language proficiency[26].
- Interaction with Citizenship Officials: Applicants’ speaking abilities may be assessed during interactions with citizenship officials, including conversations and the citizenship test. This provides a practical evaluation of language skills in real-life scenarios[26].
- Special Accommodations: For applicants with medical, physiological, psychological, or cognitive conditions, accommodations can be requested. Additionally, waivers for the language skills requirement may be granted on compassionate grounds, such as severe medical conditions or low levels of education or literacy in one’s first language[26].
Understanding and navigating the language proficiency requirements are essential for a successful Canadian citizenship application. By providing clear guidelines and accommodating diverse backgrounds, Canada ensures that all applicants have a fair opportunity to demonstrate their language skills, a fundamental aspect of integrating into the Canadian society.
The Citizenship Test
The Canadian Citizenship Test is a pivotal step in the journey towards becoming a Canadian citizen, designed to assess the applicant’s knowledge of Canada’s history, values, institutions, and symbols. The test format and content areas are meticulously structured to ensure a comprehensive evaluation:
- Test Format:
- Type of Questions: The test includes 20 multiple-choice or true/false questions, offering a straightforward approach to assessing knowledge[9].
- Duration: Applicants have 45 minutes to complete the test, providing ample time to carefully consider each question[9].
- Passing Score: Achieving a score of 15 out of 20 is required to pass the test, setting a clear benchmark for applicants[9].
- Languages: Available in English or French, the test accommodates Canada’s official languages, allowing applicants to choose the language in which they are most proficient[9].
- Attempts: Applicants are given up to 3 chances to pass the test within a 30-day period, ensuring multiple opportunities for success[9].
- Content Areas Covered:
- Study Resources and Support:
- Official Study Guide: “Discover Canada: The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship” is recommended as the primary resource for test preparation, available for free in multiple formats including online, PDF, and print[9].
- Accommodations: For those requiring assistance, accommodations can be provided, and in certain situations, a waiver for the test may be requested[9].
- Immediate Results: For tests taken in person or via Microsoft Teams, results are available immediately, offering prompt feedback to applicants[9].
The citizenship test, while challenging, is a crucial component of the application process, reflecting the importance of understanding Canada’s core values, history, and societal structure. The structured format, combined with accessible study resources and support mechanisms, underscores Canada’s commitment to ensuring that aspiring citizens are well-prepared and informed.
Interview Preparation and Tips
Preparing for the citizenship interview is a crucial step in the journey towards becoming a Canadian citizen. This process involves not just a test of knowledge but also an evaluation of one’s readiness and adaptability to Canadian society. Here are some key tips and strategies for applicants to consider:
- Arrival and Presentation:
- During the Interview:
- Honesty is key: Always be honest and transparent in your responses. Address any discrepancies or changes in circumstances since the application was submitted. Misrepresentation can lead to severe consequences [20].
- Stay composed: Prepare for potential scenarios or concerns that may arise. Staying calm under pressure is crucial. It’s okay to take a moment to think before answering [20].
- Engagement: Take notes if necessary, and don’t hesitate to ask questions at the end of the interview. It shows engagement and interest in the process [20].
- Post-Interview:
- Be prepared for additional steps: The interview might not be the final step. Be ready for any further requirements or steps as indicated by the citizenship officer [20].
- Stay informed: Regularly check the status of your application through the official CIC website or the online portal associated with your application. Keeping abreast of your application status ensures that you’re prepared for any updates or changes [20].
It’s important to remember that the interview is not just a formality but a significant step in the citizenship process. It offers applicants the opportunity to demonstrate their commitment and readiness to become a part of Canadian society. By following these tips and preparing adequately, applicants can approach the interview with confidence and a positive outlook.
Addressing Potential Challenges
Navigating the complexities of establishing oneself in Canada can present several challenges for newcomers. However, understanding these hurdles and preparing strategies to overcome them is crucial for a smooth transition. Here are some key areas of concern and practical advice on addressing them:
Maintaining Permanent Resident Status and Preparing for Citizenship:
- PR Card Renewal: It’s important to remember that an expired PR card does not equate to the loss of PR status [33]. Regularly updating your status and understanding the renewal process is crucial.
- Documenting Travel: Keep meticulous records of travel, including plane tickets, hotel bookings, visa stamps, and a travel journal, to support your citizenship application and prove physical presence in Canada [34].
- Employment Abroad: If relying on the employment exception for physical presence, maintain copies of the employment contract, letter assigning the individual overseas, and details on the employer, including information about overseas offices [34].
- Appealing Decisions: If faced with challenges meeting the residency requirements, remember an appeal can be filed within 60 days of receiving a written decision to the Immigration and Appeal Division [34].
Employment and Qualification Recognition:
- Overseas Qualifications: Recognize that qualifications from outside Canada might not carry the same weight. Engage in equivalency assessments and consider additional certification or education within Canada to bridge the gap [35].
- Language Proficiency: For most Canadian jobs, proficiency in English or French is required. Official equivalency assessments may not always be favorable, so investing in further language training could be beneficial [35].
Cultural Adaptation and Integration:
- Cultural Differences: Adapting to a new culture involves understanding social norms, communication styles, customs, and traditions. Engaging with community groups and participating in cultural orientation sessions can ease this transition [36].
- Language Skills: Improving language skills is not only crucial for employment but also for effective communication and integration into Canadian society. Take advantage of language learning resources and immersion opportunities [36].
- Building a Social Network: Combat social isolation by actively seeking out community groups, hobby-based clubs, or language exchange meetups. Building a network is vital for emotional well-being and can provide support in navigating new challenges [36].
By addressing these potential challenges with informed strategies and proactive measures, newcomers can enhance their journey towards successful integration and Canadian citizenship.
The Citizenship Ceremony
After passing the rigorous stages of the citizenship application process, the Canadian citizenship ceremony stands as the final, pivotal step towards becoming a Canadian citizen. This ceremonial event is not merely a formality but a deeply meaningful occasion that officially welcomes new citizens into the Canadian fold. Here are the essential details every applicant should be aware of regarding the citizenship ceremony:
- Invitations and Timing: Within six months of passing the citizenship test, applicants are invited to attend a citizenship ceremony. The invitation provides crucial details such as the date, time, and whether the ceremony will be held virtually or in-person. It’s imperative to regularly check the application status for an update on the “Citizenship ceremony” section, indicating the scheduling of the ceremony, but awaiting the formal invitation [22][37].
- Ceremony Essentials:
- Attendance: All adults and children aged 14 or over must attend the ceremony and take the oath of citizenship. For those unable to understand the oath due to mental disabilities, waivers are available. Accommodations, like sign language interpretation, can also be requested for attendees needing assistance [37].
- Required Documents: Attendees must bring their ceremony notice, a signed copy of the Permission Release and Consent form, permanent resident card or Confirmation of Permanent Residence, Record of Landing (IMM 1000) for those who became permanent residents before June 28, 2002, two pieces of personal identification, all passports and travel documents, and a holy book if opting to swear the Oath of Citizenship on it [37].
- Ceremony Proceedings: During the ceremony, participants will take the Oath of Citizenship, receive their citizenship certificate, sign the Oath or Affirmation of Citizenship form, and sing the national anthem, “O Canada.” The oath can be sworn or affirmed, with the option to swear on a holy book of choice. The ceremony is a dignified event, and smart, business attire is recommended [37][32].
- Post-Ceremony Steps:
- Citizenship Certificate: After the ceremony, new Canadians will receive their Canadian citizenship certificate, a crucial document required before applying for a Canadian passport. Dual Canadian citizens are reminded to enter Canada with a valid Canadian passport or special authorization [38].
- Integration into Canadian Society: New Canadians are encouraged to actively participate in their community and explore the natural and cultural heritage of Canada. Free admission to Parks Canada sites for one year and access to over 1,400 events and destinations through the Canoo mobile app are among the benefits offered to new citizens, fostering a deeper connection with their new homeland [38].
The citizenship ceremony is more than just the culmination of the citizenship process; it’s a symbolic and celebratory entry into the Canadian community, marking the beginning of a new chapter as a Canadian citizen.
Maintaining Your Citizenship
Maintaining Canadian citizenship comes with a set of responsibilities and privileges that ensure individuals can fully enjoy the benefits of being a part of this vibrant nation. Here’s a closer look at the key aspects of maintaining Canadian citizenship and the contrast with Permanent Resident (PR) status:
Privileges of Canadian Citizenship:
- Right to Vote and Run for Office: Engaging in the democratic process is a fundamental privilege, allowing citizens to have a voice in the political landscape and even seek election [14].
- Travel Freedom: With a Canadian passport, citizens can travel freely around the globe, a significant advantage over PR status. This document facilitates easier travel and offers consular support abroad [39].
- Passing Citizenship to Children: Canadian citizens can pass their citizenship on to their born-abroad children, securing their place in the Canadian family across generations [14].
Residency Requirements:
- For Canadian Citizens: Remarkably, there are no residency requirements to maintain citizenship status. Canadians can live abroad indefinitely without the risk of losing their citizenship [39].
- For Permanent Residents: In contrast, PRs must be physically present in Canada for at least 730 days within a five-year period to maintain their status. This requirement underscores the importance of residing in Canada for a significant portion of time to retain PR status [39].
Maintaining PR Status:
- Documenting Presence: For PRs aiming to maintain their status, keeping a detailed record of their time in Canada is crucial. This includes travel documents, employment records, and tax filings, which serve as evidence of their ties to Canada [33].
- Physical Presence: PRs must physically reside in Canada for at least 730 days within a five-year period. However, time spent outside Canada can count towards this requirement under specific conditions, such as accompanying a Canadian citizen spouse [34].
Transitioning from PR to Citizenship:
- Residency Requirements for Citizenship Application: Adults aged 18 and over must have been physically present in Canada for at least 730 days in the five years before applying for citizenship. This includes counting half the days spent in Canada before becoming a PR, up to a maximum of 365 days, towards this requirement [40].
- Filing Canadian Income Taxes: Demonstrating economic ties to Canada through filing Canadian income taxes for at least three years within the five-year period is also a prerequisite for citizenship [40].
Canadian citizenship offers a wealth of benefits and freedoms not available to Permanent Residents, including the right to vote, travel freely, and pass citizenship to children. While PR status requires maintaining a physical presence in Canada, Canadian citizens enjoy the flexibility to live anywhere in the world without jeopardizing their citizenship status. This distinction highlights the value of Canadian citizenship and the importance of meeting residency and tax filing requirements for those seeking to make the transition from PR to citizen.
Conclusion
Through this comprehensive exploration of the Canadian citizenship journey—spanning from understanding the multifaceted nature of Canadian citizenship, navigating the application process, to the pivotal citizenship ceremony—it’s evident that each step is intricately designed to prepare applicants for their new chapter as Canadian citizens. Reflecting on the intricate details provided, from maintaining permanent residency to successfully integrating into Canadian society, this guide underscores the importance of being well-informed and prepared. It is clear that Canadian citizenship is not only about obtaining a passport but embracing the responsibilities and values that come with being a part of such a diverse and welcoming nation.
As new applicants embark on this significant journey, the wealth of information provided here serves as a beacon to guide their path, ensuring that they are not navigating these waters alone. For those seeking to further enrich their understanding and preparation, “Discover Canada: The Ultimate Canadian Citizenship Guide” stands as an indispensable resource, offering a deeper dive into the essence of being Canadian. With this guide in hand, aspiring citizens are equipped to approach their application with confidence, ready to contribute to and thrive within the vibrant tapestry of Canada’s community.
FAQs
Can I get the Discover Canada book for free?
Yes, the official study guide for the citizenship test, “Discover Canada: The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship,” is provided at no cost by Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
What rights do Canadians have?
Canadians enjoy four fundamental freedoms, which are:
- Freedom of conscience and religion.
- Freedom of thought, belief, opinion, and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication.
- Freedom of peaceful assembly.
- Freedom of association.
What tips can help me pass the Canadian citizenship test?
To increase your chances of passing the Canadian citizenship test, it’s recommended to study using the official guide, “Discover Canada: The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship.” This guide is always free and available in multiple formats, allowing you to start preparing at any time.
What are some of the key questions on the Canadian citizenship test?
Some important questions you might encounter on the Canadian citizenship test include:
- What are the official languages of Canada?
- Which European country claimed Canada as a colony?
- What is the name of the Canadian national anthem?
- What is considered Canada’s most popular sport?
- Which is the largest Canadian province by population?
- Approximately how many Canadians served in World War I?
References
[1] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/discover-canada.html
[2] – https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/library-document/discover-canada-rights-and-responsibilities-citizenship-0_en
[3] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/canadian-citizenship/overview/who-canadian-citizen.html
[4] – https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/socstud/foundation_gr9/blms/9-1-3d.pdf
[5] – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law
[6] – https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-29/fulltext.html
[7] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/application/application-forms-guides/guide-0002-application-canadian-citizenship-under-subsection-5-1-adults-18-years-older.html
[8] – https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/cic/Ci51-203-2007-eng.pdf
[9] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-citizenship/become-canadian-citizen/citizenship-test.html
[10] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-citizenship/become-canadian-citizen/eligibility.html
[11] – https://www.canadim.com/citizenship/citizenship-requirements/
[12] – https://www.canadavisa.com/canadian-citizenship-eligibility.html
[13] – https://www.immigration.ca/who-qualifies-for-canadian-citizenship/
[14] – https://www.canadim.com/citizenship/
[15] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-citizenship/become-canadian-citizen/eligibility/situtations-prevent-citizenship.html
[16] – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Btm91-lFFQI
[17] – https://medium.com/@ameliapollock1/a-quick-summary-of-discover-canada-your-guide-to-the-citizenship-test-cb6d07c57629
[18] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-citizenship/become-canadian-citizen/apply.html
[19] – https://citapply-citdemande.apps.cic.gc.ca/
[20] – https://www.quora.com/How-should-you-prepare-for-an-interview-at-Citizenship-and-Immigration-Canada
[21] – https://www.canadavisa.com/applying-canadian-citizenship.html
[22] – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Test
[23] – https://ccrweb.ca/en/barriers-citizenship
[24] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-citizenship/become-canadian-citizen/eligibility/language-proof.html
[25] – https://ircc.canada.ca/english/helpcentre/answer.asp?qnum=571&top=5
[26] – https://www.cicnews.com/2024/01/what-language-level-do-i-need-to-apply-for-canadian-citizenship-0142111.html
[27] – https://www.infoprocedures.com/prove-english-language-knowledge/
[28] – https://www.immigrationphysicianottawa.ca/site/blog-ottawa/2022/03/31/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-language-requirements-for-canadian-citizenship
[29] – https://canadian-citizenship.ca/faqs/what-is-the-language-requirement/
[30] – https://www.siis.ca/canada-immigration/citizenship/citizenship-test-and-interview/
[31] – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_nEfoHhyAM
[32] – https://total.law/blog/how-to-prepare-for-the-canadian-citizenship-ceremony/
[33] – https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-way-to-maintain-the-PR-status-of-Canada-without-physically-staying-there
[34] – https://tiiscanada.ca/blogD/9-how-to-maintain-permanent-residence-in-canada-while-living-overseas
[35] – https://www.gtrimmigration.com/top-12-canadian-immigration-challenges-every-newcomer-has-to-face/
[36] – https://canoo.ca/new-canadian-citizen-challenges/
[37] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-citizenship/become-canadian-citizen/citizenship-ceremony.html
[38] – https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-citizenship/become-canadian-citizen/after-citizenship-ceremony.html
[39] – http://www.citizenshipcounts.ca/benefits/residency
[40] – https://services3.cic.gc.ca/ecas/?app=ecas&lang=en